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\u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09cb\u09aa\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09a8\u09b0\u09be \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 \u09a6\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09b7\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09a1\u09bc\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 \u0997\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u099c\u09a8\u09aa\u09a6, \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u09ad\u09c2\u0996\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u09a4\u099b\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09a6\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 \u09ad\u09c2\u0996\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1 \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u0964 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u0982 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8 \u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09c1 \u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09c1 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09a6\u09c7\u09a6\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u099b\u09be\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u098f\u09b8\u09c7 \u0997\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09c0\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u09af\u09bc \u0986\u09a8\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a0\u09c7\u0995\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u09c7?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u09af\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u0987 \u09b9\u09cb\u0995 \u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09c7\u09a8,\u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u099f\u09a8 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u0995\u09c7 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09a8\u09c7\u0987 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8, \u09e7\u09ef\u09ed\u09e9 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a8\u09ad\u09cb\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09cb\u09b2\u09be \u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u09c7 \u09a6\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09a3\u0995\u09c7 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09b8\u09c7 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995 \u09a6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c3\u09a5\u09bf\u09ac\u09c0\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09aa\u09c3\u09a5\u09bf\u09ac\u09c0\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u0987\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c3\u09a5\u09bf\u09ac\u09c0\u09b8\u09b9 \u09b8\u09ac \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u0987 \u0986\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0\u0987 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0-\u09a8\u09bf\u099a \u0996\u09cb\u0981\u099c\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09a8\u09c7\u0987\u0964 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u09b2\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09a8\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5 \u0987\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b2 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c0\u0993 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a8\u09ad\u09cb\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09c7\u0987, \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u099a\u09c7 “As far as we astronomers can tell, there really is no \u2018up\u2019 or \u2018down\u2019 in space,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09c7\u099f\u09bf\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0997 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u099c \u0985\u09ab \u09aa\u09c7\u09a8\u09b8\u09bf\u09b2\u09ad\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a4 \u09ae\u09a8\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09ac\u09bf\u09a6 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09a8 \u09ae\u09c7\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7 \u0985\u09ac\u099a\u09c7\u09a4\u09a8 \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ad\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b8\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a6\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09a3 \u09a8\u09bf\u099a\u09c7\u0964 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u0995 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b8\u09c7 \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09be \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09a4\u09be \u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09a4,\u200c \u09a6\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u099a\u09be, \u098f \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u0998\u09c1\u09b0\u09aa\u09be\u0995 \u0996\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u099b\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09be \u09b8\u09c1\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09b0 \u0995\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b6\u09b9\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u099b\u09ac\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u098f\u099f\u09be \u0995\u09cb\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u0987 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09be \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09aa\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0995 \u09a6\u09b2 \u0985\u09a8\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09b0 \u09b2\u09cb\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u099c\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09c7\u09b8 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8, \u098f\u09b0\u09be \u0995\u09cb\u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09be\u0964 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09c1\u09b2\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c1\u09b0 \u09a6\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u099d\u09c1\u0981\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09a1\u09bc\u09b2\u09cb\u0964 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b9\u099c\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0990\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u0995\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c1\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b8 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09c0\u09a4 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 \u0997\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7 \u0995\u09c7 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u099b\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u200c \u099b\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09be \u0986\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u0987<\/p>\n\n\n\n
So the answer to the question of which way up is the Earth is simple: it is not any particular way up and there is no good reason other than a historical superiority complex to think of north as being the top of the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A\/Why is North \u201cUp\u201d on Maps?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
We feel \u201cup\u201d when we\u2019re happy and \u201cdown\u201d when we\u2019re sad, Christians talk about up in heaven and down in the pit of hell, and Billy Joel\u2019s downtown man covets an uptown girl. The north-south bias is a spatial metaphor that applies to real estate on many global levels: \u201cMetaphors are used to help people understand abstract concepts in terms of perceptual experiences (e.g., \u201cfeeling high\u201d or \u201cfeeling down\u201d). A consequence of this strategy is that metaphor can bias perception and decision making. For example, consistent with metaphors for affect and spatial perception (up = good, down = bad), people more readily identify positive things when high in location. North and south are abstract concepts, which are also tied by metaphor to spatial perception (north = up, south = down)\u201d (source).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cMost modern-day maps typically show an orientation with north at the top of the two-dimensional depiction. In other eras, different directions at the top were more prevalent, and all directions have been used by different societies and cultures to depict our world. The biggest factors that contribute to north being commonly placed at the top of a map include the invention of the compass and the understanding of magnetic north and the egocentricity of society, mainly in Europe. The discovery and use of the compass in Europe in the 1200-1500s may have greatly influenced many modern-day maps with north at the top. A compass points to magnetic north, and Europeans, like other cultures long before, noticed that the earth spins on an axis that is relatively pointed at the north star. That idea, combined with the concept that when we look up we see the stars, contributed to north being placed up at the top of maps, with words and symbols being placed relative to that viewpoint.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Egocentricity is having a view or perspective that revolves around you or your situation at the center. Thus, in cartography and geography, an egocentric society is one that places itself in either the center of a depiction of the world or at the top. Information at the top of a map is commonly viewed as being both more visible and more significant. Since Europe was a powerhouse in the world, producing both heavy exploration and the printing press, it was instinctual for European mapmakers to put Europe (and the Northern Hemisphere) as the focus at the top of maps. Today, Europe and North America remain dominant cultural and economic forces, producing and influencing many maps \u2013 showing the Northern Hemisphere at the top of the map. Most early maps, before the wide-spread use of the compass, placed east at the top. This is generally thought to be due to the fact that the sun rises in the east. It was the most consistent directional maker.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Many cartographers show what they want to be the focus at the top of the map, and, therefore, influence the orientation of the map. Many early Arab and Egyptian cartographers placed south at the top of the map because, having most of the world they knew of to the north of them, it drew the most attention to their area. Many early settlers of North America created maps with a west-east orientation that resulted from the direction that they primarily traveled and explored. Their own viewpoint greatly altered the orientation of their maps. In the history of mapmaking, the general rule of thumb is whoever made the map is probably at the center or the top of it. This rings mostly true for centuries of mapmaking but has been greatly influenced as well with European cartographers\u2019 discovery of compasses and the magnetic north\u201d (source).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Image 1 for article titled “Why is North \u201cUp\u201d on Maps?”<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The Blue Marble photograph in its original orientation. The famous photograph of the Earth taken from on board Apollo 17 was originally oriented with the south pole at the top, with the island of Madagascar visible just left of center, and the continent of Africa at its right. However, the image that the public is familiar with has been turned upside-down to fit the traditional view (Wikipedia: Reversed map)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Image 2 for article titled “Why is North \u201cUp\u201d on Maps?”<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Reversed map centered on the Prime Meridian. The notion that north should always be up and east at the right was established by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy (90-168 AD). \u201cPerhaps this was because the better-known places in his world were in the northern hemisphere, and on a flat map these were most convenient for study if they were in the upper right-hand corner,\u201d according to historian Daniel Boorstin. The artificial convention of placing North at the top of a map began a few centuries ago when European navigators from the Northern hemisphere started using the North Star and the magnetic compass. Before that, the top of the map was to the East, which is where the word orientation comes from (www.flourish.org)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Image 3 for article titled “Why is North \u201cUp\u201d on Maps?”<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A printed map from the 15th century depicting Ptolemy\u2019s description of the Ecumene (a term originally used in the Greco-Roman world to refer to the inhabited universe, or at least the known part of it), (1482, Johannes Schnitzer, engraver) (Wikipedia: Ptolemy)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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